Thinking about literature review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Considering writing survey - Assignment Example Innovation and instructive change have prompted the ascent of NBLT, which utilizes web thus; expanding education in the data. In any case, Postman (1993) censures that utilization of PCs for having prompted lose of trust in human judgment and subjectivity. All things considered, the innovation of web has empowered understudies to utilize the Web for their exploration. Undeniably, a larger part of understudies utilize the web to start their examination task (Chen et al., 2010). The separation understudies can't arrive at their different libraries so as to get to the books with significant data (Chen et al., 2010). These understudies accordingly get the data for examine work from the web. Neil Postman (1993) contends that innovation has an imposing business model of intensity in our general public particularly given that the general public no longer use innovation as an emotionally supportive network but since it is formed by it. Mailman contends that innovation in correspondence influences the instruction just as consuming perusing propensities for the young. Mailman (1993) adds that innovation has prompted data disorder other than social changes particularly through printing and broadcasting. Despite the fact that the utilization of the web has driven data proficiency, Postman contends that innovation of innovation has inconveniences as well (Postman,

What Doesnt Kill Us Makes Us Stronger free essay sample

Torment and enduring are consistent all through life; mishaps that we simply need to figure out how to manage. Circumstances when we need to keep our heads held high, remain sure and never surrender. It is in these intense occasions that we should take a gander at the brilliant side, center around what we can increase out of the difficult situation wherein we end up in. We need to stop in a world that never delays. We need to freeze in a regularly streaming cascade. We need to land a never easing back train; we need to step back and locate a positive, regardless of how hard that may appear. Some time in the past, Friedrich Nietzsche expressed, â€Å"That which doesn't kill us makes us more grounded. † Now more usually worded as, â€Å"What doesn’t slaughter us makes us stronger,† it is a statement both known and alluded to by numerous individuals around the globe; I included. At the point when confronted with a battle throughout everyday life, we as a human race go to a method for dealing with stress; whatever that might be. We will compose a custom exposition test on What Doesnt Kill Us Makes Us Stronger or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Furthermore, for a few, their method of managing what is happening in their life is to go to the expressions of others; to discover backing and inspiration in another’s voice. The words that Friedrich Nietzsche expressed are amazing. Through them, many have been affected, motivated and empowered; headed to continue onward and not to surrender. When unloaded, this statement can have any kind of effect in a stinging one’s life. The considerations and thoughts that are stimulated when this colloquialism is truly contemplated are significant, moving and inspiring. For some, it is these words that have gotten them through. At the point when I at first gander at or hear the words, â€Å"What doesn’t execute us makes us stronger,† my cerebrum naturally advances to negate the announcement. Promptly, I end up producing occasions in which what hasn’t murdered me has made me more vulnerable. ‘What about this? How on Earth did that make me more grounded? ’ I end up inquiring. I surrender to human instinct, searching out the negatives in an initially positive message. In any case, when I really stop and investigate, consider and break separated these words, they bring to me incredible inspiration. The more I contemplate them and the more profound I burrow down, the more positive implications I create and gain. The support I pull and secure from it is important. It isn’t only a surface saying, on the off chance that you scratch away at Friedrich’s words and enter inside them, you will discover a whole lot more. You will find another definition, another understanding, another view. At the point when I delve down into and dissect the announcement, â€Å"What doesn’t murder us makes us stronger,† it brings to my musings motivation to be certain. To me this expression is eventually saying that anything we can get past that we don’t bite the dust from, we have something to pick up from. Whatever neglects to clear us out, whatever we figure out how to fight through and come out of on the opposite side of, we have something to gain from, something to remove, something benefit. The contentions and hardships that we defeat have benefits that make us more grounded. It could be an exercise, good or rule discovered that added to making you more grounded. Or on the other hand maybe through your experience you found progressively about who you are as an individual. Your circumstance may have developed your flexibility to extreme occasions, reinforced your capacity to shut things out or even improved your comprehension and knowledge for the items and individuals around you. Whatever it might be it is very clear to me that what doesn’t murder us makes us more grounded, regardless of whether we don’t acknowledge it, and regardless of whether the sum by which we fortify is unnoticeable. â€Å"That which doesn't execute us makes us more grounded. For everybody who takes a gander at these nine words, what they get from them will be unique. There are an unendingness of potential implications to devise, every one extraordinary and individual. For me, this announcement gives inspiration, discloses to me that regardless of how hard things are, there will be in any event one little advantage toward its finish, regardless of how little it be. In life we simply need to continue onward, surrendering and stopping are never alternatives. As people we need backing to get us through the extreme, and for me that is this: â€Å"Whatever doesn't slaughter me makes me more grounded. †

What I Learned During My Year of Supporting Local Authors

What I Learned During My Year of Supporting Local Authors This is a guest post from Tracy Shapley. Tracy is a freelance copywriter, all around ne’er do well, and occasional waterer of plants. Her hobbies include writing fiction, mixing together various flavors of soup, and trying to convince her friends that she’s not a hipster. Character development is more important to her than plot and she has read every Pulitzer Prize-winning novel. She has a lot of thoughts on them. Tracy lives in an old farmhouse in Iowa City with her partner Sean, their two cats Dry Bones and Gristle, and the ghost of Kurt Vonnegut. I’m lucky enough to be an (old!) undergraduate student studying fiction writing at the University of Iowa, located in one of the most literary of literary towns: Iowa City, Iowa. This is where Flannery O’Conner studied writing, where Vonnegut began work on Slaughterhouse-Five, and where Marilynne Robinson lives, teaches, writes, and pastors. It’s easy to get caught up in the canonical history here but I must also remember that it’s the place Sandra Cisneros very openly hated studying. And for good reason! The long list of “impressive” fiction professors at my university have included Raymond Carver, John Cheever, John Irving, Philip Roth, T.C. Boyle, Jonathan Ames, and Richard Yates. What do these folks all have in common? I’ll give you two hints:          White          Dudes It’s true that these days it’s somewhat more diverse. The director of the Writers’ Workshop is Lan Samantha Chang, who is decidedly neither white nor a dude, and current faculty include James Alan McPherson and Thomas Sayers Ellis. Still, after reading We Wanted to Be Writers: Life, Love, and Literature at the Iowa Writers Workshop, and discovering what a wonderful experience studying or teacher here was for most white men and what a frustrating experience it was for many women and people of color, I decided to stop throwing my hands up in the air and clutching my pearls and start doing something about it. Well, half of that is true â€" I’m sticking with the pearl clutching / arm throwing because there’s still plenty of stuff to clutch and throw about. But last year I made it my goal to support today’s crop of diverse writers in Iowa City and I learned a few things along the way. Buying books was the easy part The only requirement for admission to the graduate program here, the famed Iowa Writers’ Workshop, is a GPA of at least 3.0 (though this is a soft requirement students with lower GPAs are sometimes considered). Technically, it’s possible for someone to get into the Workshop if they’ve never published, but it’s uncommon. Earned reputation or not, it’s considered the top program in the country and the cream of the crop tend to flock here so most of the folks here have published. Buying their books was easy â€" I just headed to our local bookstore, Prairie Lights, which often makes it on lists of the top bookstores in the country, and browsed the “Local Authors” shelves. On the surface Prairie Lights may not seem like a particularly interesting bookstore, but a stop at the delicious coffee shop / wine bar and a chat with bookseller Paul Ingram (recipient of one of James Patterson’s holiday bonuses) is enough for anyone to understand that the hype is (mostly) deserved. I bought one new book every month. I didn’t do much planning â€" just walked into the bookstore and bought a book that looked interesting by someone local I’d never heard of. For the most part I stuck to my preferred genre of literary fiction but I made a point to pick up one book of poetry and one book of essays as well. Getting to readings was relatively easy There are literary readings most nights of the week and often at multiple venues. For a city with just over 70,000 people, that’s a pretty impressive feat. I mean, just think about this for a minute: Back in 2013, not long after I’d moved here, I went to the Englert Theatre to see Margaret Atwood. It was a free reading so I knew I needed to get there early and assumed an hour early would be fine â€" the theatre holds 725 people for heck’s sake â€" but, not for the first time in my life, I was wrong. The theatre was filled beyond capacity over an hour before the reading started. Good showing, Iowa City! My goal was to make it to a reading a week. I went to a huge variety of readings, from open mic poetry nights in dark bars to the Live from Prairie Lights series, which is a weekly reading from students in the International Writing Program (IWP). As with any type of art, these readings were hit and miss. Every time I decided readings weren’t for me, when I’d sat through several weeks of nervous, monotone authors reading work that wasn’t in my wheelhouse, I’d come across someone doing a reading with puppets or a collaboration with an author and her actor friends, and I’d remember that writing is more than just words on a page, or words streaming out of someone’s mouth â€" it is art. It can be expressed in many different ways. Reviewing every book was a challenge All right, so I invested my hard earned money in lots of books â€" go me! And I went to a bunch of readings. Great job, self! What next? Reviewing them, obviously. If the purpose is to support authors on a smaller scale then getting them the miniscule amount of exposure I’m capable of getting them seemed that it should be one of my duties. I used the typical routes â€" Goodreads, Amazon, LibraryThing, my blog etc. I also reached out to the authors when possible. I didn’t do any creepy stalking but with smaller presses and lesser known authors there’s usually a website that includes contact information. I’d just jot a quick note and let them know I’d reviewed their work. I was surprised by how excited several of them were â€" and by how excited I was when one added my quote to her online blurb section. That’s one step away from a Pulitzer, right? Okay, maybe two steps. What did I learn in my year of supporting local authors? So, I identified an issue I have with the publishing world: so much attention is given to big-name authors, many of whom are white and / or male, and not enough attention is given to authors with local followings, to those hawking their books online and suffering through the humiliating experience of reading their most private thoughts on a stage to people who are often just staring numbly at their phones, uninterested in or unaware of the vulnerability in front of them. What did I learn? First of all, none of the “local” authors I read were actually local. I hadn’t considered that before I started but the vast majority of what the locals here refer to as “local” authors are in fact former students / professors at the Workshop and almost none of them come from anywhere near here. Like me, they were transplants to a city that most of the world imagines is nestled in the middle of one big old corn field of a state. I also learned how grateful writers can be to just have someone giving the work a listen or a close read. It humanized the writing process for me. I don’t know why but those people, the ones who write books and have their pictures on dust jackets, I’d always felt that they’d done the work already. They’ve been published, they’re out there in the world. Now they’re authors. But in reality it’s a constant struggle. They are never done. They are always working and looking for a new audience. I can’t say that I do any less pearl clutching, but I am grateful to have spent a year of my life as a member of that audience.

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Similarities Between Hamlet, Fortinbras, and Laertes in...

In Shakespeare’s famous tragedy, Hamlet there are similarities between Hamlet, Fortinbras, and Laertes. They do have some character differences but they face many of the same challenges and are put in similar situations. All three of the men have lost their fathers and are seeking to avenge their deaths in some way. Hamlet is contemplating killing Claudius, Fortinbras has gathered an army to reclaim lands that his father lost, and Laertes will do whatever it takes to get revenge for Polonius’ death. The main difference between the three men is that Fortinbras and Laertes are willing to do whatever it takes to reach their goal while Hamlet spends the majority of his time in thought trying to decide the right thing to do. When Hamlet is on his way to England he runs into Fortinbras and his army. He learns that Fortinbras is leading a huge army for a small piece of land that is not worth anything. He is greatly inspired by him though because he is willing to do it to prote ct his family and his father’s honor. After seeing them Hamlet says, â€Å"Witness this army of such mass and charge, Led by a delicate and tender prince, Whose spirit, with divine ambition puffed, Makes mouths at the invisible event, Exposing what is mortal and unsure To all that fortune, death, and danger dare, Even for an eggshell. Rightly to be great Is not to stir without great argument, But greatly to find quarrel in a straw When honor’s at the stake.† Hamlet (IV.iv.47-56) Hamlet realizes that he wants toShow MoreRelated The Foils of Laertes and Fortinbras in Hamlet Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Foils of Laertes and Fortinbras in Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare wrote the classic play, Hamlet in the sixteenth century.   Hamlet would be a very difficult play to understand without the masterful use of foils.   A foil is a minor character in a literary work that compliments the main character through similarities and differences in personality.   The audience can identify similarities and differences between any of the characters and Hamlet, however, there are two characters thatRead MoreThe Foils of Hamlet Essay646 Words   |  3 Pagescharacter through similarities and differences in personality and plot. In William Shakespeares play Hamlet, the main character, Hamlet, has three major foils. These foils are his close friend Horatio, Fortinbras, Prince of Norway, and the brother of his love, Laertes. These three characters contradict and enhance Hamlets major characteristics. Hamlets friend Horatio is a foil for him because he brings out the revenge and betrayal in Hamlet. He is a listener for Hamlet. Horatio seems toRead MoreFoils Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesthe features of another character. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet , there are obvious foils for the main character, Hamlet. These foils include Horatio, Fortinbras, Claudius, and Laertes. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, is a an excellent demonstration of character foils. A foil is also known as a literary device that reveals a character s true nature by comparing and contrasting him or her to other characters. A successful character foil consists of both similarities and differences with the foiled charactersRead MoreA Compare/Contrast of Hamlet through his foils - Laertes, Fortinbras and Horatio.1702 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters. Hamlet is by far Shakespeares most compelling character. In Shakespeares play Hamlet, various character traits, exhibited by Hamlet, can be seen through his foils. Similarities with Hamlet and Horatios education, as well as their levels, can be drawn. However, Hamlets character is in constant change and even philosophical. Fortinbras, without question encompasses many of Hamlets qualities. They are both born with nobility, along with a similar lineage. However, Fortinbras is more aggressiveRead More Fathers and Sons in Hamlet Essay 1189 Words   |  5 PagesFathers and Sons in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlets father, Old King Hamlet who he looked up to was recently killed, and his mother married his uncle within a month. He receives a visit from the ghost of his father which urges him to revenge [Claudius] foul and most unnatural murder (I, v, 32) of Old Hamlet. It is only logical that under these circumstances, Hamlet would be under great duress, and it would not be abnormal for him to express grief. Fortnibra and Laertes also have to deal withRead MoreFather And Son Relationships In Hamlet By William Shakespeare1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bond Between Father and Son William Shakespeare is a one of the most successful writers, due to his creativity and complex plots. He is well known for focusing several of his his plays around the theme of revenge, but each of the works accomplishes this in a different ways. His most popular vengeful play would be Hamlet, which focuses more of the anticipation and the moral aspect of revenge, rather than the act itself. Hamlet was written around 1601 and set in Denmark during the late middleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet As A Revenge Tragedy1777 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play Hamlet was written as a revenge tragedy. This play was written by Shakespeare between 1599 and 1602; no one is exactly certain about the date Hamlet was written (Hunt 2). The protagonist of this play is a prince named Hamlet; he is a prince of Denmark. Hamlet’s father was killed by his uncle Claudius, who became king afterwards. Not only did Claudius become king of Denmark, he took Hamlet’s mot her, Gertrude, as his wife. This play is the longest of all Shakespeare’s playsRead MoreThe Foil Of Shakespeare s The Tragedy Of Hamlet 901 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferences and similarities, help to emphasize and enhance the qualities and actions of the protagonist. Many characters, such as King Claudius, Fortinbras, and Laertes, in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark† qualify as foils for Hamlet, the protagonist. However, Laertes is the most appropriate foil for Hamlet. Laertes’ similarities and differences with Hamlet along with his actions and traits allow him to be an effective foil for Hamlet. Readers often see Laertes and HamletRead MoreHamlet: Mel Gibson vs Kenneth Branagh Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet, a tragedy by William Shakespeare shows a lot of adaptations to movies. Hamlet by Mel Gibson (1990) and Kenneth Branagh (1996) interpret and portray the play by Shakespeare in different ways. The two film versions of Act IV of Hamlet have many differences and similarities. Kenneth Branagh’s version of Hamlet is seen covering most of the original text of Shakespeare’s play of Hamlet unlike the Mel Gibson version which omits many scenes and dialogues. The film version of Hamlet featuring KennethRead MoreSurface, Depth, And A Reflected World Of Hamlet1830 Words   |  8 PagesStevenson Dr. Sigler EN 102 16 November 2015 Surface, Depth, and a Reflected World of Hamlet Although dynamic characters typically develop through solely personal obstacles, William Shakespeare uses the character of Hamlet as a contradiction by illustrating his growth through other characters. In Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Shakespeare strategically uses Laertes and Fortinbras in order to foil the character of Hamlet. An extended metaphor of a pond is created and through tangled family ties, internal

Procedure to Deal with Accident, Emergency and Illness Free Essays

AWARENESS OF ILLNESSES Common illnesses: †¢Looks pale†¢Dark rings around eyes †¢Quiet or irritable†¢Lost appetite †¢Has a rash or looks flush†¢Appears more tired or lethargic Serious illnesses: †¢Severe bleeding †¢Chocking †¢Unconsciousness†¢Epileptic seizure †¢Suspected fractures†¢Breathing difficulties †¢Head injuries†¢Disorientation ACCIDENT PROCEDURES Immediate action should be taken as follows: †¢Reassure the child †¢Do not move the child unless it is absolutely necessary If children are unconscious they should be put into the recovery position †¢Do not give the child any food or drink †¢Keep the child warm †¢Ensure other children in the area are not at risk of being hurt †¢assistance will be sought from one of the appointed persons responsible for first aid. †¢Parents will be contacted in the event of illness or serious accident. †¢In addition to contacting of parents an ambulance will be called if required. We will write a custom essay sample on Procedure to Deal with Accident, Emergency and Illness or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢At the close of a serious incident the school should review its handling of the situation to see if there needs to be change to its procedures. Reporting accidents/injuries: Accidents/injuries need to be recorded in the accident books in the first aid box and a letter should be sent to parents. †¢All bumped heads should be recorded and a letter sent to parents. †¢Very serious incidents, e. g. where an ambulance is called need to be recorded on an accident report form, available in the office FIRE EMERGENCY Anyone discovering fire or smoke should raise the alarm by breaking the glass at the nearest alarm point. On hearing the alarm: †¢Direct children to walk quietly to the nearest exit and then walk quietly in single file to the assembly points on the playground. †¢Children will line up in register order. Ensure that the classroom is empty before leaving. †¢Everyone on site, children and adults, must leave by the nearest exit. †¢Two designated mem bers of staff will check the children’s toilets are empty. †¢Classes should stand still and quiet until asked to re-enter the building. †¢School Bursar or Admin Assistant will call the fire brigade and check that the medical room is empty. Admin staff will also unlock the playground gate to allow access for the fire brigade. MISSING CHILD PROCEDURE Child goes missing on the school premises †¢As soon as it is noticed that a child is missing report to the teacher responsible. Responsible teacher will organise a thorough search of the school building and grounds. †¢The register is checked to make sure no other child has also gone astray. †¢Doors and gates are checked to see if there has been a breach of security whereby a child could wander out. †¢If the child is not found, the parent is contacted and the missing child is reported to the police. †¢The responsible teacher contacts the Executive Head Teacher and reports the incident. †¢The E xecutive Head Teacher, with the Governing Body, carries out an investigation and may come to the setting immediately. Child goes missing on the off school premises: †¢The Group Leader must ensure the safety of remaining pupils. At least two adults must stay with them. †¢One or more adults should immediately start searching for the child. †¢The Visit Leader should contact school to alert them. †¢If the child is not found within 5 minutes, the Group Leader must contact police by telephoning 999. †¢The Group Leader should alert school that the police have been contacted and school will make arrangements to notify parents. How to cite Procedure to Deal with Accident, Emergency and Illness, Essay examples

Twitter API Analytics

Abstract Twitter is currently one of the most imperative and powerful social media platforms. Besides, Twitter has become one of the significant new channels for public communications. The studies on the uses of Twitter have emphasized on the isolated and critical events including political and crisis communications, popular culture and events such as sports.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Twitter API Analytics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The studies also center on the applicability of the Twitter’s search stream APIs, which often provide a coordinated keywords prefixed by hashtag ‘#’. Twitter provides a critical degree of data access through its Application Programming Interphase (API) platform. The API is an interface that is designed to be used by Twitter clients. However, the interface can also be applied in tracking current events by other users especially researchers throu gh the use of a specific keyword and hashtag. The Twitter API allows researchers and other users to track and inevitably apprehend tweets with particular hashtags or keywords. Introduction Twitter is currently one of the most imperative and powerful social media platforms. Besides, Twitter has become one of the significant new channels for public communications. The studies on the uses of Twitter have emphasized on the isolated and critical events including political and crisis communications, popular culture and events such as sports. The studies also center on the applicability of the Twitter search stream API, which often provide a coordinated keywords prefixed by hashtags ‘#’. Researchers have used the Twitter’s API platforms to access, analyze and store data. The API is an interface that has been designed to be primarily used by Twitter clients. However, the interface can also be applied in tracking current events by other users especially researchers by cus tomizing specific keyword and hashtags. The Twitter API allows researchers and other users to track and inevitably apprehend tweets with particular hashtags or keywords. In an advanced usage, the API enables third party developers attach novel add-ons to the prevailing services (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). The API provides interface that allow researchers to gather more information off a particular social media services that can be used for quantitative or qualitative analysis (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014).Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the API provides the real-time data within the social media network such as Twitter (Purohit, Hampton, Shalin, Sheth, Flach Bhatt, 2013). As such, Twitter’s open APIs offers unprecedented opportunity for physicist, linguists, computer and social scientists to study the behaviors of people within the social media pl atform (Kwak, Lee, Park Moon, 2010). In fact, researchers have utilized the Twitter API to study varied human behavior across various disciplines ranging from business management to crisis response, management and communications (Marwick, 2012). The Twitter’s API has been applied by researchers to study various global events. For instance, Bruns, Highfield and Burgess (2013) used the API platform to study the Arab Spring. The API as a Data Collection Tool As indicated, Twitter provides a critical degree of data access through its Application Programming Interphase (API) platform. The APIs platform offered by Twitter allows researchers and other users to track and inevitably apprehend tweets with particular hashtags or keywords (Bruns Burgess, 2012). The increased accessibility of Twitter’s information through the use of its API platform has enabled researchers to conduct studies on various aspects of human behavior patterns. Increased novel applications of Twitterâ⠂¬â„¢s API has been developed recently (Naaman, Boase Lai, 2010). In fact, Twitter has allowed researchers in the fields of healthcare simulations as well as in education to share most relevant information through the application of specialized tools within the API platform. The capability has enabled the fields to conduct studies on various fast evolving events. Such kinds of studies are made possible due to the simplicity of the Twitter’s API (Shi, Rui Whinston, 2014). Given the simplicity of the Twitter’s API, the popularity of diverse web-page application has increased (Bagley, 2012). Such web-page applications have provided value-added services to the Twitter users. For instance, Twuffer web application allows Twitter users to schedule tweets for future dates. Twidentify is also another web-based Twitter search engine that allows users to examine tweets through the use of keywords. Such tools are normally applied in the API platform and enables researchers to ea sily follow trends on a particular event through the application of keywords or certain words prefixed by the hashtag (Humphreys, Gill Krishnamurthy, 2014).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Twitter API Analytics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Twitter API uses three ways of searching through the application of keywords. One of the methods is the trend search, which allows researchers to track the popularity of the keywords over a particular time (Yardi Boyd, 2010). The second method is the basic Twitter search that tends to track people who utilize the keywords on their tweets and re-tweets. The final method is the search on influence. The data from the searches are normally sorted in tweets and re-tweets. Such information is provided in diverse formats including time series graphs. The trend search, basic Twitter search and the search on influence form the foundation of various models researchers have utilized to study innumerable behaviors and events patterns on Twitter (Humphreys, 2011). Researchers utilize various tools to collect and analyze the information, which are then customized into a single timeframe and serve various functions including comparisons to the statistics of different studies. The Opportunities and Challenges in the Application of APIs Lomborg and Bechmann (2014) argued that APIs enables social media researchers to have an easy access of data particularly from the social media companies. Essentially, the APIs enables third party developers attach novel add-ons to the prevailing services. The APIs provide interface that allow researchers to gather more information off a particular social media services that can be used for quantitative or qualitative analysis (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). APIs as a research tool offers significant opportunities for the studies that are either qualitative or quantitative. The API platform allows easy automation of data col lection, analysis and storage (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). The cleaning and storage of data are also conducted sequentially and automatically. Combined with other web-based digital research tools, the data accessibility are traced to their usage patterns in greater detail more than what other data collection methods such as interviews and surveys provide. Through the use of API, the data collection is prompt and nonintrusive (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). How Various Researchers have used API as the Data Collection Method The API platform has been used widely by various researchers to study a wide range of correlations on particular sub-sets of human behaviors and events patterns within Twitter. For instance, Boyd and Crawford (2012) examined how large volumes of data can be mined, evaluated and stored through the application of API tools.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Misopoulos, Mitic, Kapoulas and Karapiperis (2014) applied the Twitter API tools to examine the trends in customer behaviors and experiences in the airline industry. Further, Mooney, Winstanley and Corcoran (2011) also examined how API offered by Twitter can be used to evaluate environmental issues. Moreover, Bruns and Burgess (2012) examined innovative approaches applied by researchers to collect and analyze large quantity of data from Twitter. In their study, the researchers outlined the manner in which Twitter is applied in covering the main events with emphasis on the use of hashtags, which are the keywords that identify a tweet as critical in an ongoing discussion. Twitter provides a critical degree of data access through its Application Programming Interphase (API) platform. While API is an interface that is designed to be predominantly used by Twitter clients, it can also be applied in tracking current events by other users (Bruns Burgess, 2012). The limitations on such proc esses are comparatively low and the tools for such examinations are provided to the researchers. Researchers can apply various API tools that are readily available including yourTwapperKeeper (yTK) to access data (Bruns Burgess, 2012). With minor modifications in order to make data export improvements, the yTK is normally applied to track a significant number of keywords on particular events spontaneously. The increased processing and assessments of the collected data sets discloses numerous significant patterns. Numerous approaches of data analysis are also available to the researchers (Bruns Burgess, 2012). The network analysis and visualization, statistical packages and data-processing software are available to the researchers. The researchers would apply these data processing tools depending on the variables under the study as well as the methodology (Bruns Burgess, 2012).Further, API has been found to provide the real-time data within the social media network. Purohit et al. (2013) applied the Twitter streaming API to provide the real-time information from the tweet collections. Through the use of the Twitter search API, the researchers are capable of selecting conversational tweets in one response based on the keyword feed preceded by the hashtag. Using the keyword-based method, the Twitter search API is capable of providing a bout 1500 recent tweets in a single response while eliminating tweets from private users. The search query is capable of providing the related metadata including the timestamp, location and the details of the author. The API can be applied to study the topological characteristics of Twitter and its capability as a novel medium through which people share information. The API can be used to collect information on the user profile, trending topics and the tweet messages.  The researchers can use various analytical tools including network, ranking and trending analyses to examine the attributes of Twitter. The study on the topolog ical characteristics of Twitter was first conducted by Kwak et al. (2010). The study conducted by Kwak et al. (2010) formed the foundation on which other studies using the API as a method of data collection to examine the attributes of other social media networks are based. The Twitter’s API offer unprecedented opportunity for both physical and social scientists to study the behaviors of people within the social media platform (Kwak et al., 2010). Researchers have also used API to store and analyze data for real-time applications. Kumar, Morstatter and Liu (2013) explored how information from Twitter can be collected, stored and analyzed. In fact, Kumar et al. (2013) examined the collection of Twitter information through its free APIs and the manner in which such information can be stored for real-time applications. Various measures and algorithms can be applied in the analysis of data sets from various social media networks (Kumar et al., 2013)  The free Twitter API is a c ritical data collection tool that has led to the development and application of studies in diverse areas including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief and management. Disaster relief and management as well as the humanitarian assistance are areas that have been widely benefitted from Twitter information to increase awareness to the crisis situation (Kumar et al., 2013). Through the application of free Twitter APIs, the researchers can accurately predict the occurrences of major disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis by identifying the relevant users to follow in order to acquire the disaster related information (Kumar et al., 2013). The Twitter’s API has been widely used to study disasters and major events across the globe. For instance, Murthy and Longwell (2013) applied the Twitter API to examine how users tweeted and re-tweeted during the Pakistan floods. In their study, the researchers examined the tweets and re-tweets links between the traditional and social media and in which countries the most tweets are from as well as relationship between the location and the traditional versus social media. The use of API normally follows similar procedures. The only differences are the methods of analysis and the subject of the study (Murthy Longwell, 2013). The studies by Kumar et al. (2013) as well as Murthy and Longwell (2013) provided instances where the researches on the applicability of social media in relation to disaster events have grown over the past years covering a wide range of sites and procedures. The ongoing researches such as those conducted by Kumar et al. (2013) as well as Murthy and Longwell (2013) on the use of API have centered on Twitter use as a critical turning point in increasing awareness as well as a measure through which such problems can be mitigated. The uses of Twitter in covering most of the disastrous stories legitimize the site as a journalistic space ((Murthy Longwell, 2013). As such, researchers including Kum ar et al. (2013) as well as Murthy and Longwell (2013) have concentrated their studies on how users tend to tweet and re-tweet in order to examine the trends, which remain critical information in predicting the major global events.  The volume of data also affects the manner API is used in the studies. For instance, Murthy and Longwell (2013) collected their Twitter data through the accessibility of Twitter search API stream during the time when the text string â€Å"Pakistan† was most active. Given the large volume of data, the researchers applied the Social Network Analysis (SNA) to scrutinize the data and come up with the relationships under the study. Through various analytical models researchers can come up with varied patterns on data.The ongoing application of Twitter API on main events has emphasized on single cases (Bruns Stieglitz, 2012). The comparative studies on the dynamics of patterns on numerous events are deficient. Few comparative studies have resulted in to new discrete discussions. For instance, in their comparative study on the dynamics and patterns of large number communication events on Twitter, Bruns and Stieglitz (2012) identified various discrete forms of deliberations that can be witnessed on Twitter. Through the use of a wide range of communication metrics, Bruns and Stieglitz (2012) indicated that diverse types of tools available to Twitter users can be influenced by thematic and contextual factors. The study by Bruns and Stieglitz (2012) is an example of an analytical view of the inclusive metrics of the Twitter discussions from various contents. Further, the studies on the uses of Twitter through the application of its API have emphasized on the isolated and critical events including political and crisis communications, popular culture as well as events such as sports (Bruns Stieglitz, 2013). The studies also center on the applicability of the Twitter search stream API, which often provide a coordinated keywords with ha shtag ‘#’ placed in front of the word (Bruns Stieglitz, 2013). However, such studies are deficient of standard metrics that can be used to relate message arrangements across the cases and events under the study (Bruns Stieglitz, 2013). While addressing these problems of the API methodology in their study, Bruns and Stieglitz (2013) provided an index of extensively applied homogeneous metrics for scrutinizing Twitter-based communications with central focus on exchanges that emphasize a particular hashtag. The researchers presented the importance of such indices in comparing communication patterns and the extent to which the use of such metrics can attain in comparing communication exchanges.  While most Twitter studies emphasize on the detection of events through the application of algorithms that depends on keywords and the capacity of tweets on that particular events, an alternative analysis of tweets also occurs (Graves, McDonald Goggins, 2014). Graves et al. (20 14) looked at the occurrence of alternative analysis through the use of low-volume data. Instead of using high-density tweets, the researchers analyzed low-volume tweets based on keywords though not linked to spikes in tweets-per-minute. The events Graves et al. (2014) studied are not readily detected by the current API event-detection algorithm, which depend on the tweet volume to drive the analytical engine. The study by Graves et al. (2014) demonstrated that there are various ways in which Twitter can be conceptualized through the application of theories integrated within the study. Challenges and Limitations on the use of Twitter API The applicability of API as a method of data collection has several limitations (Metzger, 2014). API is not only acting as a barrier in information gathering due to privacy precautions, but also in terms of the applicable tools (Metzger, 2014). Bruns and Stieglitz (2012) indicated that thematic and contextual factors influence the application of the tools available to the Twitter’s API users. The limitations affect the academic researchers that wholly depend on tracking the current events and activities as well as thematic interests of large and representative samples of Twitter users (Bruns Burgess, 2012).  The use of the digital footprint in the data collection, analysis and storage also present various issues (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). In other words, applying web-based tools combined with APIs platform is deficient in terms of generalization of data. Researchers have always resented on the generalization of data through the use of digital platforms. Lomborg and Bechmann (2014) presented significant procedural deliberations of the prospects and problems linked to both qualitative and empirical social media studies through the application of the APIs. Generally, wide-ranging methodological issues should be taken into consideration while gathering and evaluating data through the application of the APIs. Further, it is critical to examine the effects of legal and moral implications of empirical studies that apply APIs as a data collection method (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). Issues related to generalization, reliability and validity of data collected through the use of APIs are often emerging. The use of content is also vcevolving as a critical legal and ethical issue while applying APIs as a data collection method in the empirical studies (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). Moreover, the information available through API is partial unless one is a third-party API provider. The restrictions on the use of APIs affect the academic studies that wholly depend on tracking the current events and activities as well as thematic interests of large and representative samples of Twitter users (Bruns Burgess, 2012). The applications of tools are also influenced by various factors including cost constraints, security and accessibility. While information from Twitter can easily be obtained through APIs, the API as a da ta collection method has various challenges that must be observed. According to Kumar et al. (2013), the Twitter streaming API provides about 1% of the sampled Twitter data. As such, care should be taken while conducting studies from information collected from the streaming Twitter API. Conclusion The studies of events and human behaviors on Twitter through the application of APIs have taken various forms and procedures. The APIs enables social media researchers to have an easy access to data particularly from the social media companies such as Twitter and Facebook. In essence, APIs interface enables third-party users to attach novel add-ons to the prevailing services. The APIs provides interface that allow researchers to gather more information off a particular social media services that can be used for quantitative or qualitative analysis. 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